According to Boykin and Schoenhofer Nursing Is Both an Art and a Science
In this guide for nursing theories, we aim to help yous empathise what comprises a nursing theory and its importance, purpose, history, types, or classifications, and requite you an overview through summaries of selected nursing theories.
What are Nursing Theories?
Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses exercise, and why they do information technology. Nursing theories provide a mode to define nursing every bit a unique discipline that is carve up from other disciplines (e.one thousand., medicine). It is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more than concrete and specific level.
Nursing, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge vital to nursing exercise—nursing scientific discipline. To distinguish this foundation of knowledge, nurses demand to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing. As a science, nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses practice, and why. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its ain body of knowledge on which delivery of intendance is based.
Defining Terms
The development of nursing theory demands an agreement of selected terminologies, definitions, and assumptions.
- Philosophy. These are beliefs and values that ascertain a style of thinking and are by and large known and understood by a group or subject field.
- Theory. A conventionalities, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. It refers to a logical grouping of general propositions used equally principles of explanation. Theories are also used to draw, predict, or control phenomena.
- Concept. Concepts are often chosen the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images.
- Models. Models are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They nowadays an overview of the theory's thinking and may demonstrate how theory can exist introduced into practice.
- Conceptual framework. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is often used interchangeably with the conceptual model and with g theories.
- Proffer. Propositions are statements that describe the human relationship between the concepts.
- Domain. The domain is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline.
- Process. Processes are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired event.
- Prototype. A paradigm refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions almost reality and the earth, worldview, or widely accepted value system.
- Metaparadigm. A metaparadigm is the near full general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical piece of work in nursing focused on articulating relationships amid 4 major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing.
History of Nursing Theories
The beginning nursing theories appeared in the tardily 1800s when a stiff emphasis was placed on nursing didactics.
- In 1860, Florence Nightingale divers nursing in her "Environmental Theory" as "the human activity of utilizing the patient's surroundings to assist him in his recovery."
- In the 1950s, there is a consensus amidst nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested trunk of knowledge.
- In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-customer relationship equally the foundation of nursing practice.
- In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse's function as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in coming together fourteen fundamental needs. Thus her Nursing Demand Theory was developed.
- In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work "Typology of 21 Nursing Problems," which shifted the focus of nursing from a illness-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
- In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing'due south professional function as finding out and meeting the patient's immediate need for assistance.
- In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral Organization Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and constructive behavioral performance in the patient to prevent illness.
- In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as information technology provides a manner to view the unitary homo beingness, who is integral with the universe.
- In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
- In 1971, Imogene King's Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient's surroundings and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health.
- In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the organisation model of nursing practise.
- In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain the residue between these diverse stimuli.
- In 1979, Jean Watson adult the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
Four major concepts are oft interrelated and key to nursing theory: person, environment, health, and nursing. These 4 are collectively referred to as metaparadigm for nursing.
Person
Person (also referred to every bit Client or Human Beings) is the recipient of nursing intendance and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities.
Surroundings
Environment (or state of affairs) is divers as the internal and external surroundings that affect the customer. Information technology includes all positive or negative atmospheric condition that affect the patient, the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where they get for their healthcare.
Health
Health is defined every bit the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences. It may have unlike meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care provider.
Nursing
The nurse's attributes, characteristics, and actions provide care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client. In that location are numerous definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty like-minded on its exact definition. The ultimate goal of nursing theories is to ameliorate patient care.
Yous'll detect that these four concepts are used frequently and defined differently throughout different nursing theories. Each nurse theorist's definition varies by their orientation, nursing experience, and different factors that affect the theorist'south nursing view. The person is the chief focus, simply how each theorist defines the nursing metaparadigm gives a unique have specific to a particular theory. To give y'all an example, below are the different definitions of various theorists on the nursing metaparadigm:
Components of Nursing Theories
For a theory to be a theory, it has to contain concepts, definitions, relational statements, and assumptions that explain a miracle. It should besides explicate how these components chronicle to each other.
Phenomenon
A term given to describe an thought or response about an event, a situation, a process, a grouping of events, or a group of situations. Phenomena may be temporary or permanent. Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing.
Concepts
Interrelated concepts define a theory. Concepts are used to help describe or label a miracle. They are words or phrases that place, define, and establish structure and boundaries for ideas generated most a particular miracle. Concepts may be abstruse or concrete.
- Abstract Concepts. Defined as mentally constructed independently of a specific time or place.
- Concrete Concepts. Are directly experienced and related to a particular time or identify.
Definitions
Definitions are used to convey the general significant of the concepts of the theory. Definitions tin can be theoretical or operational.
- Theoretical Definitions. Ascertain a particular concept based on the theorist'southward perspective.
- Operational Definitions. States how concepts are measured.
Relational Statements
Relational statements ascertain the relationships between two or more concepts. They are the chains that link concepts to one another.
Assumptions
Assumptions are accepted every bit truths and are based on values and beliefs. These statements explicate the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory.
Why are Nursing Theories Of import?
Nursing theories are the ground of nursing practice today. In many cases, nursing theory guides cognition development and directs education, research, and practice. Historically, nursing was not recognized as an bookish discipline or as a profession nosotros view today. Earlier nursing theories were adult, nursing was considered to be a task-oriented occupation. The training and function of nurses were under the direction and control of the medical profession. Allow's take a look at the importance of nursing theory and its significance to nursing exercise:
- Nursing theories help recognize what should prepare the foundation of practice past explicitly describing nursing.
- Past defining nursing, a nursing theory besides helps nurses understand their purpose and function in the healthcare setting.
- Theories serve as a rationale or scientific reasons for nursing interventions and give nurses the noesis base necessary for acting and responding appropriately in nursing intendance situations.
- Nursing theories provide the foundations of nursing do, generate further knowledge, and betoken which management nursing should develop in the future (Brownish, 1964).
- By providing nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory tin can help patients, managers, and other healthcare professionals to acknowledge and empathize the unique contribution that nurses brand to the healthcare service (Draper, 1990).
- Nursing theories gear up the nurses to reverberate on the assumptions and question the nursing values, thus further defining nursing and increasing the knowledge base of operations.
- Nursing theories aim to define, predict, and demonstrate nursing miracle (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).
- Information technology can be regarded as an attempt by the nursing profession to maintain and preserve its professional limits and boundaries.
- In many cases, nursing theories guide knowledge development and directs didactics, research, and practice, although each influences the others. (Fitzpatrick and Whall, 2005).
Purposes of Nursing Theories
The primary purpose of theory in nursing is to meliorate practise by positively influencing the health and quality of life of patients. Nursing theories are as well developed to define and depict nursing care, guide nursing practice, and provide a footing for clinical decision-making. In the past, the accomplishments of nursing led to the recognition of nursing in an academic discipline, research, and profession.
In Bookish Discipline
Much of the before nursing programs identified the major concepts in one or ii nursing models, organized the concepts, and build an entire nursing curriculum around the created framework. These models' unique language was typically introduced into programme objectives, class objectives, grade descriptions, and clinical performance criteria. The purpose was to explain the central implications of the profession and raise the profession's condition.
In Research
The development of theory is fundamental to the research process, where it is necessary to use theory as a framework to provide perspective and guidance to the research study. Theory can also be used to guide the research procedure by creating and testing phenomena of interest. To improve the nursing profession's ability to encounter societal duties and responsibilities, there needs to exist a continuous reciprocal and cyclical connection with theory, practice, and enquiry. This will assistance connect the perceived "gap" betwixt theory and exercise and promote the theory-guided practice.
In Profession
Clinical practice generates enquiry questions and noesis for theory. In a clinical setting, its primary contribution has been the facilitation of reflecting, questioning, and thinking almost what nurses do. Because nurses and nursing practice are often subordinate to powerful institutional forces and traditions, introducing any framework that encourages nurses to reflect on, question, and retrieve about what they do provide an invaluable service.
Classification of Nursing Theories
There are dissimilar means to categorize nursing theories. They are classified depending on their part, levels of abstraction, or goal orientation.
By Abstraction
There are three major categories when classifying nursing theories based on their level of abstraction: grand theory, centre-range theory, and practise-level theory.
Grand Nursing Theories
- Grand theories are abstract, wide in scope, and complex, therefore requiring further enquiry for clarification.
- Thousand nursing theories do not guide specific nursing interventions but rather provide a general framework and nursing ideas.
- Grand nursing theorists develop their works based on their own experiences and their time, explaining why there is so much variation amid theories.
- Address the nursing metaparadigm components of person, nursing, health, and environment.
Eye-Range Nursing Theories
- More limited in scope (compared to grand theories) and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. They address a specific phenomenon in nursing.
- Due to the difficulty of testing grand theories, nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory.
- About middle-range theories are based on a grand theorist's works, but they can be conceived from research, nursing practice, or the theories of other disciplines.
Exercise-Level Nursing Theories
- Do nursing theories are situation-specific theories that are narrow in telescopic and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time.
- Practice-level nursing theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and propose outcomes or the effect of nursing exercise.
- Theories adult at this level have a more directly upshot on nursing do than more abstract theories.
- These theories are interrelated with concepts from eye-range theories or one thousand theories.
By Goal Orientation
Theories can also be classified based on their goals. They tin exist descriptive or prescriptive .
Descriptive Theories
- Descriptive theories are the kickoff level of theory development. They describe the phenomena and identify its backdrop and components in which it occurs.
- Descriptive theories are not action-oriented or endeavor to produce or change a situation.
- In that location are two types of descriptive theories: factor-isolating theory and explanatory theory .
Factor-Isolating Theory
- Also known as category-formulating or labeling theory.
- Theories under this category describe the properties and dimensions of phenomena.
Explanatory Theory
- Explanatory theories describe and explain the nature of relationships of certain phenomena to other phenomena.
Prescriptive Theories
- Address the nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict consequences.
- Includes propositions that call for modify.
- In nursing, prescriptive theories are used to anticipate the outcomes of nursing interventions.
Other Ways of Classifying Nursing Theories
Classification According to Meleis
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis (2011), in her bookTheoretical Nursing: Evolution and Progress, organizes the major nurse theories and models using the following headings: needs theories, interaction theories, and outcome theories. These categories bespeak the basic philosophical underpinnings of the theories.
- Needs-Based Theories. The needs theorists were the first group of nurses who idea of giving nursing care a conceptual club. Theories under this group are based on helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs. Theories of Orem, Henderson, and Abdella are categorized nether this group. Need theories are criticized for relying besides much on the medical model of health and placing the patient in an overtly dependent position.
- Interaction Theories. These theories emphasized nursing on the establishment and maintenance of relationships. They highlighted the bear on of nursing on patients and how they collaborate with the surround, people, and situations. Theories of Male monarch, Orlando, and Travelbee are grouped under this category.
- Effect Theories. These theories describe the nurse as controlling and directing patient care using their knowledge of the human physiological and behavioral systems. The nursing theories of Johnson, Levine, Rogers, and Roy belong to this group.
Classification According to Alligood
In her book, Nursing Theorists and Their Work, Raile Alligood (2017) categorized nursing theories into four headings: nursing philosophy, nursing conceptual models, nursing theories and grand theories, and middle-range nursing theories.
- Nursing Philosophy. It is the most abstract type and sets forth the significant of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation. Works of Nightingale, Watson, Ray, and Benner are categorized under this grouping.
- Nursing Conceptual Models. These are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers in nursing. These theories address the nursing metaparadigm and explicate the relationship between them. Conceptual models of Levine, Rogers, Roy, Rex, and Orem are nether this group.
- Thou Nursing Theories. Are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other grand theories that are generally not as specific equally middle-range theories. Works of Levine, Rogers, Orem, and Rex are some of the theories nether this category.
- Middle-Range Theories. Are precise and answer specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations inside the model's perspective or theory from which they are derived. Examples of Middle-Range theories are that of Mercer, Reed, Mishel, and Barker.
List of Nursing Theories and Theorists
You've learned from the previous sections the definition of nursing theory, its significance in nursing, and its purpose in generating a nursing knowledge base of operations. This section will give you an overview and summary of the various published works in nursing theory (in chronological order). Deep swoop into learning about the theory past clicking on the links provided for their biography and comprehensive review of their work.
Florence Nightingale
See Also: Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory and Biography
- Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental Theory.
- Defined Nursing as "the human action of utilizing the surroundings of the patient to help him in his recovery."
- Stated that nursing "ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, repose, and the proper pick and administration of diet – all at the least expense of vital power to the patient."
- Identified five (five) environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight.
Hildegard E. Peplau
See Also: Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory
- Pioneered the Theory of Interpersonal Relations
- Peplau'south theory defined Nursing as "An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an private who is ill or in need of wellness services and a nurse peculiarly educated to recognize, respond to the demand for aid."
- Her work is influenced past Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar Miller.
- It helps nurses and healthcare providers develop more therapeutic interventions in the clinical setting.
Virginia Henderson
Run across Likewise: Virginia Henderson: Nursing Demand Theory
- Adult the Nursing Need Theory
- Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient's independence to hasten their progress in the hospital.
- Emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses can aid in meeting those needs.
- "The nurse is expected to behave out a medico'southward therapeutic program, but individualized care is the result of the nurse's creativity in planning for intendance."
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Meet Likewise: Faye Glenn Abdellah: 21 Nursing Problems Theory
- Adult the 21 Nursing Problems Theory
- "Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the want and ability to aid people, sick or well, cope with their wellness needs."
- Changed the focus of nursing from disease-centered to patient-centered and began to include families and the elderly in nursing care.
- The nursing model is intended to guide care in hospital institutions merely tin can also exist applied to community health nursing, as well.
Ernestine Wiedenbach
- Developed The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing conceptual model.
- Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife feel as "People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly fashion."
- Guides the nurse activeness in the art of nursing and specified four elements of clinical nursing: philosophy, purpose, practice, and art.
- Clinical nursing is focused on meeting the patient's perceived need for assist in a vision of nursing that indicates considerable importance on the fine art of nursing.
Lydia East. Hall
See Also: Lydia Hall: Care, Cure, Cadre Theory
- Developed the Intendance, Cure, Core Theory is too known as the "Iii Cs of Lydia Hall."
- Hall divers Nursing every bit the "participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the Cadre and CURE are shared with other members of the health team."
- The major purpose of care is to reach an interpersonal relationship with the individual to facilitate the development of the cadre.
- The "intendance" circle defines a professional person nurse's master role, such as providing bodily treat the patient. The "cadre" is the patient receiving nursing intendance. The "cure" is the aspect of nursing that involves the administration of medications and treatments.
Joyce Travelbee
- States in her Human-to-Human Human relationship Model that the purpose of nursing was to help and back up an individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the struggles of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to notice significance in these occurrences, with the ultimate goal beingness the presence of hope.
- Nursing was achieved through human-to-human relationships.
- Extended the interpersonal relationship theories of Peplau and Orlando.
Kathryn E. Barnard
- Adult the Kid Health Assessment Model.
- Concerns improving the health of infants and their families.
- Her findings on parent-child interaction as an important predictor of cognitive development helped shape public policy.
- She is the founder of the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Preparation Project (NCAST), which produces and develops research-based products, cess, and training programs to teach professionals, parents, and other caregivers the skills to provide nurturing environments for young children.
- Borrows from psychology and homo development and focuses on mother-babe interaction with the environment.
- Contributed a close link to practice that has modified the fashion health care providers assess children in light of the parent-child human relationship.
Evelyn Adam
- Focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing.
- Includes the profession'southward goal, the beneficiary of the professional service, the role of the professional, the source of the beneficiary'south difficulty, the intervention of the professional person, and the consequences.
- A good example of using a unique basis of nursing for further expansion.
Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan, and Alison J. Tierney
- A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living
- Logan produced a elementary theory, "which actually helped bedside nurses."
- The trio collaborated in the 4th edition of The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living and prepared a monograph entitled The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing: Based on Activities of Daily Living.
- Includes maintaining a safe environment, communicating, animate, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilizing, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping, and dying.
Ida Jean Orlando
See Also: Ida Jean Orlando: Nursing Process Theory
- She adult the Nursing Process Theory.
- "Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations, and therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before cartoon conclusions."
- Allows nurses to formulate an constructive nursing care programme that can besides be easily adapted when and if whatever complication comes upwardly with the patient.
- According to her, persons get patients requiring nursing care when they take needs for help that cannot exist met independently because of their physical limitations, negative reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their needs.
- The role of the nurse is to find out and run across the patient's firsthand needs for help.
Jean Watson
Run into Also: Jean Watson: Theory of Human being Caring
- She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.
- "Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health."
- Mainly concerns with how nurses care for their patients and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and health, forbid illness and restore wellness.
- Focuses on health promotion, besides equally the treatment of diseases.
- Caring is fundamental to nursing practice and promotes wellness improve than a simple medical cure.
Marilyn Anne Ray
- Developed the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
- "Improved patient safety, infection command, reduction in medication errors, and overall quality of care in complex bureaucratic health care systems cannot occur without knowledge and agreement of complex organizations, such as the political and economical systems, and spiritual-upstanding caring, pity and right action for all patients and professionals."
- Challenges participants in nursing to recall across their usual frame of reference and envision the earth holistically while considering the universe equally a hologram.
- Presents a different view of how health care organizations and nursing phenomena interrelate as wholes and parts in the system.
Patricia Benner
- Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in Nursing Practise
- "The nurse-patient relationship is not a uniform, professionalized blueprint only rather a kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the most dramatic, poignant, and mundane moments of life."
- Attempts to assert and reestablish nurses' caring practices when nurses are rewarded more for efficiency, technical skills, and measurable outcomes.
- States that caring practices are instilled with knowledge and skill regarding everyday human needs.
Kari Martinsen
- Philosophy of Caring
- "Nursing is founded on caring for life, on neighborly love, […]At the same time, the nurse must exist professionally educated."
- Human beings are created and are beings for whom nosotros may have authoritative responsibility.
- Caring, solidarity, and moral practise are unavoidable realities.
Katie Eriksson
- Theory of Carative Caring
- "Caritative nursing means that nosotros accept 'caritas' into apply when caring for the homo in health and suffering […] Caritative caring is a manifestation of the dearest that 'only exists' […] Caring communion, truthful caring, occurs when the one caring in a spirit of caritas alleviates the suffering of the patient."
- The ultimate goal of caring is to lighten suffering and serve life and health.
- Inspired many in the Nordic countries and used information technology as the basis of research, education, and clinical practise.
Myra Estrin Levine
Encounter Too: Myra Estrin Levine: Conservation Model for Nursing
- According to the Conservation Model, "Nursing is human interaction."
- Provides a framework within which to teach starting time nursing students.
- Logically congruent, externally and internally consistent, has breadth and depth, and is understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and consumers of health care.
Martha E. Rogers
Run across As well: Martha Rogers: Theory of Unitary Man Beings
- In Roger'southward Theory of Human being Beings, she divers Nursing equally "an fine art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.
- The Science of Unitary Homo Beings contains 2 dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and the art of nursing, which involves using nursing creatively to aid amend the lives of the patient.
- A patient can't be separated from his or her environment when addressing health and treatment.
Dorothea E. Orem
See Too: Dorothea E. Orem: Self-Care Theory
- In her Self-Intendance Theory, she defined Nursing every bit "The act of assisting others in the provision and direction of self-intendance to maintain or improve human performance at the dwelling house level of effectiveness."
- Focuses on each private's power to perform self-care.
- Composed of 3 interrelated theories: (1) the theory of self-care, (2) the self-intendance deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is farther classified into wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, and supportive-educative.
Imogene M. Male monarch
Run into As well: Imogene M. Male monarch: Theory of Goal Attainment
- Conceptual System and Eye-Range Theory of Goal Attainment
- "Nursing is a process of activeness, reaction and interaction by which nurse and client share data well-nigh their perception in a nursing situation" and "a process of human interactions between nurse and client whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through communication, they set goals, explore means, and hold on means to accomplish goals."
- Focuses on this procedure to guide and direct nurses in the nurse-patient relationship, going hand-in-mitt with their patients to meet skilful wellness goals.
- Explains that the nurse and patient go manus-in-hand in communicating information, set goals together, and and then take deportment to achieve those goals.
Betty Neuman
Run across Too: Betty Neuman: Neuman's Systems Model
- In Neuman's System Model, she defined nursing as a "unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual'south response to stress."
- The focus is on the client as a system (which may be an private, family, group, or customs) and on the customer'south responses to stressors.
- The client system includes v variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual). It is conceptualized as an inner core (basic energy resources) surrounded past concentric circles that include lines of resistance, a normal defence force line, and a flexible line of defense.
Sister Callista Roy
Come across Also: Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model of Nursing
- In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a "health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes the promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and club every bit a whole."
- Views the private as a ready of interrelated systems that strives to maintain a balance between various stimuli.
- Inspired the development of many middle-range nursing theories and adaptation instruments.
Dorothy E. Johnson
Come across As well: Dorothy Due east. Johnson:Behavioral Systems Model
- The Behavioral Organisation Model defined Nursing as "an external regulatory strength that acts to preserve the organization and integrate the patients' behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health or in which affliction is establish."
- Advocates to foster efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to preclude disease and stresses the importance of research-based knowledge near the effect of nursing care on patients.
- Describes the person equally a behavioral organization with seven subsystems: the achievement, attachment-affiliative, aggressive-protective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and sexual subsystems.
Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer
- The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice
- Nursing is an "exquisitely interwoven" unity of aspects of the discipline and profession of nursing.
- Nursing'due south focus and aim as a discipline of noesis and a professional service are "nurturing persons living to care and growing in caring."
- Caring in nursing is "an altruistic, active expression of love, and is the intentional and embodied recognition of value and connectedness."
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
- Transitions Theory
- It began with observations of experiences faced as people deal with changes related to wellness, well-being, and the ability to care for themselves.
- Types of transitions include developmental, health and illness, situational, and organizational.
- Acknowledges the role of nurses as they assist people get through health/illness and life transitions.
- Focuses on assisting nurses in facilitating patients', families', and communities' healthy transitions.
Nola J. Pender
See Besides: Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model
- Wellness Promotion Model
- Describes the interaction between the nurse and the consumer while considering the office of the health promotion environment.
- Information technology focuses on three areas: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and touch, and behavioral outcomes.
- Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health.
Madeleine One thousand. Leininger
See Besides:Madeleine M. Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory
- Civilization Care Theory of Diversity and Universality
- Divers transcultural nursing every bit "a substantive area of study and exercise focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or dissimilar cultures to provide culture-specific and universal nursing intendance practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable homo weather condition, disease, or death in culturally meaningful ways."
- Involves learning and agreement diverse cultures regarding nursing and health-illness caring practices, behavior, and values to implement meaning and efficient nursing intendance services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.
- Information technology focuses on the fact that various cultures take different and unique caring behaviors and unlike health and affliction values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
Margaret A. Newman
- Wellness as Expanding Consciousness
- "Nursing is the process of recognizing the patient in relation to the environment, and it is the process of the understanding of consciousness."
- "The theory of wellness every bit expanding consciousness was stimulated past concern for those for whom wellness equally the absence of disease or disability is non possible . . . "
- Nursing is regarded every bit a connection between the nurse and patient, and both grow in the sense of college levels of consciousness.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
- Human Becoming Theory
- "Nursing is a science, and the performing art of nursing is skillful in relationships with persons (individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming."
- Explains that a person is more than than the sum of the parts, the environment, and the person is inseparable and that nursing is a human science and fine art that uses an abstract body of noesis to help people.
- It centered effectually three themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.
Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Fellow
- Modeling and Role-Modeling
- "Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their self-intendance activities in relation to their health . . . The goal is to attain a country of perceived optimum health and contentment."
- Modeling is a procedure that allows nurses to understand the unique perspective of a client and learn to appreciate its importance.
- Role-modeling occurs when the nurse plans and implements interventions that are unique for the client.
Gladys L. Husted and James H. Husted
- Created the Symphonological Bioethical Theory
- "Symphonology (from 'symphonia,' a Greek word pregnant agreement) is a system of ethics based on the terms and preconditions of an agreement."
- Nursing cannot occur without both nurse and patient. "A nurse takes no actions that are not interactions."
- Founded on the singular concept of human rights, the essential agreement of not-aggression among rational people forms the foundation of all homo interaction.
Ramona T. Mercer
- Maternal Role Attainment—Becoming a Mother
- "Nursing is a dynamic profession with three major foci: health promotion and prevention of affliction, providing care for those who need professional assistance to achieve their optimal level of wellness and performance, and research to raise the noesis base of operations for providing excellent nursing care."
- "Nurses are the wellness professionals having the most sustained and intense interaction with women in the motherhood bicycle."
- Maternal role attainment is an interactional and developmental procedure occurring over time. The mother becomes fastened to her infant, acquires competence in the caretaking tasks involved in the role, and expresses pleasure and gratification. (Mercer, 1986).
- Provides proper wellness care interventions for nontraditional mothers for them to favorably adopt a strong maternal identity.
Merle H. Mishel
- Doubt in Illness Theory
- Presents a comprehensive structure to view the experience of acute and chronic affliction and organize nursing interventions to promote optimal adjustment.
- Describes how individuals class meaning from illness-related situations.
- The original theory's concepts were organized in a linear model effectually the following three major themes: Antecedents of uncertainty, Procedure of uncertainty appraisal, and Coping with uncertainty.
Pamela Yard. Reed
- Self-Transcendence Theory
- Self-transcendence refers to the fluctuation of perceived boundaries that extend the person (or self) across the immediate and constricted views of self and the world (Reed, 1997).
- Has three basic concepts: vulnerability, self-transcendence, and well-existence.
- Gives insight into the developmental nature of humans associated with health circumstances connected to nursing intendance.
Carolyn L. Wiener and Marylin J. Dodd
- Theory of Illness Trajectory
- "The uncertainty surrounding a chronic illness similar cancer is the uncertainty of life writ large. By listening to those who are tolerating this exaggerated dubiety, we tin larn much virtually the trajectory of living."
- Provides a framework for nurses to sympathise how cancer patients stand uncertainty manifested as a loss of command.
- Provides new knowledge on how patients and families endure dubiousness and piece of work strategically to reduce uncertainty through a dynamic flow of affliction events, treatment situations, and varied players involved in care organization.
Georgene Gaskill Eakes, Mary Lermann Shush, and Margaret A. Hainsworth
- Theory of Chronic Sorrow
- "Chronic sorrow is the presence of pervasive grief-related feelings that have been found to occur periodically throughout the lives of individuals with chronic health atmospheric condition, their family caregivers and the bereaved."
- This middle-range theory defines the aspect of chronic sorrow every bit a normal response to the ongoing disparity created past the loss.
Phil Barker
- Barker's Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery is widely used in mental health nursing.
- It focuses on nursing's cardinal care processes, is universally applicative, and is a applied guide for psychiatry and mental health nursing.
- Draws on values near relating to people and help others in their moments of distress. The values of the Tidal Model are revealed in the Ten Commitments: Value the voice, Respect the language, Develop genuine curiosity, Become the apprentice, Employ the available toolkit, Craft the pace beyond, Requite the souvenir of time, Reveal personal wisdom, Know that change is constant, and Be transparent.
Katharine Kolcaba
- Theory of Comfort
- "Comfort is an antidote to the stressors inherent in health care situations today, and when comfort is enhanced, patients and families are strengthened for the tasks ahead. Also, nurses experience more satisfied with the care they are giving."
- Patient comfort exists in three forms: relief, ease, and transcendence. These comforts tin can occur in iv contexts: physical, psychospiritual, ecology, and sociocultural.
- As a patient'south comfort needs change, the nurse's interventions change, as well.
Cheryl Tatano Beck
- Postpartum Depression Theory
- "The birth of a baby is an occasion for joy—or and then the saying goes […] But for some women, joy is not an selection."
- Described nursing as a caring profession with caring obligations to persons we care for, students, and each other.
- Provides evidence to sympathize and prevent postpartum depression.
Kristen M. Swanson
- Theory of Caring
- "Caring is a nurturing manner of relating to a valued other toward whom 1 feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility."
- Defines nursing as informed caring for the well-being of others.
- Offers a structure for improving up-to-date nursing exercise, pedagogy, and research while bringing the discipline to its traditional values and caring-healing roots.
Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley Yard. Moore
- Peaceful Terminate-of-Life Theory
- The focus was not on expiry itself but on providing a peaceful and meaningful living in the time that remained for patients and their significant others.
- The purpose was to reflect the complexity involved in caring for terminally sick patients.
References
Suggested readings and resources for this report guide:
- Alligood, 1000., & Tomey, A. (2010). Nursing theorists and their work, 7th edition (No ed.). Maryland Heights: Mosby-Elsevier.
- Alligood, M. R. (2017).Nursing Theorists and Their Work-Eastward-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Barnard, K. Due east. (1984). Nursing enquiry related to infants and immature children. InAnnual review of nursing enquiry (pp. three-25). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Brown, H. I. (1979).Perception, theory, and commitment: The new philosophy of scientific discipline. University of Chicago Press. [Link]
- Brown M (1964) Research in the development of nursing theory: the importance of a theoretical framework in nursing research. Nursing Research.
- Chinn, P. L., & Jacobs, Yard. G. (1978). A model for theory evolution in nursing.Advances in Nursing Science,1(1), 1-12. [Link]
- Colley, Due south. (2003). Nursing theory: its importance to practice. Nursing Standard (through 2013), 17(46), 33. [Link]
- Fawcett, J. (2005). Criteria for evaluation of theory. Nursing science quarterly, 18(2), 131-135. [Link]
- Fitzpatrick, J. J., & Whall, A. L. (Eds.). (1996).Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and application. Connecticut, Norwalk: Appleton & Lange.
- Kaplan, A. (2017).The conduct of inquiry: Methodology for behavioural science. Routledge. [Link]
- Meleis, A. I. (2011).Theoretical nursing: Development and progress. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Neuman, B. M., & Fawcett, J. (2002). The Neuman systems model.
- Nightingale F (1860) Notes on Nursing. New York NY, Appleton.
- Peplau H (1988) The art and science of nursing: similarities, differences, and relations. Nursing Scientific discipline Quarterly
- Rogers M (1970) An Introduction to the Theoretical Footing of Nursing. Philadelphia PA, FA Davis.
Source: https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/
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